LYNDON B JOHNSON ================ Johnson Was Born On Aug. 27, 1908, N

LYNDON B JOHNSON ================ Johnson was conceived on Aug. 27, 1908, close to Johnson City, Tex., the oldest child of Sam Ealy Johnson, Jr., and Rebekah Baines Johnson. His dad, a battling rancher and cows theorist in the slope nation of Texas, gave just a dubious pay to his family. Politically dynamic, Sam Johnson served five terms in the Texas lawmaking body. His mom had changed social interests and put high an incentive on training; she was furiously eager for her kids. Johnson went to state funded schools in Johnson City and got a B.S. degree from Southwest Texas State Teachers College in San Marcos. He at that point instructed for a year in Houston before going to Washington in 1931 as secretary to a Democratic Texas congressman, Richard M. Kleberg. During the following 4 years Johnson built up a wide system of political contacts in Washington, D.C. On Nov. 17, 1934, he wedded Claudia Alta Taylor, known as Woman Bird. A warm, savvy, driven lady, she was an incredible advant age for Johnson's vocation. They had two little girls, Lynda Byrd, conceived in 1944, and Luci Baines, conceived in 1947. In 1933, Franklin D. Roosevelt went into the White House. Johnson extraordinarily appreciated the president, who named him, at age 27, to head the National Youth Administration in Texas. This activity, which Johnson held from 1935 to 1937, involved helping youngsters acquire work and tutoring. It affirmed Johnson's confidence in the positive capability of government and won for him a gathering of supporters in Texas. In 1937, Johnson looked for and won a Texas seat in Congress, where he supported open works, recovery, and open force programs. At the point when war came to Europe he supported Roosevelt's endeavors to help the Allies. During World War II he served a concise voyage through well-trained with the U.S. Naval force in the Pacific (1941-42) however came back to Capitol Hill when Roosevelt reviewed individuals from Congress from well-trained. Johnson kept on supporting Roosevelt's military and international strategy programs. During the 1940s, Johnson and his significant other created beneficial undertakings, including a radio broadcast, in Texas. In 1948 he ran for the U.S. Senate, winning the Democratic party essential by just 87 votes. (This was his subsequent attempt; in 1941 he had run for the Senate and lost to a traditionalist adversary.) The restriction blamed him for misrepresentation and labeled him Avalanche Lyndon. Although tested, ineffectively, in the courts, he got to work in 1949. Congressperson and Vice-President. - - Johnson moved rapidly into the Senate chain of importance. In 1953 he won the activity of Senate Democratic pioneer. The following year he was effectively reappointed as congressperson and come back to Washington as greater part pioneer, a post he held for the following 6 years in spite of a genuine coronary failure in 1955. The Texan end up being an insightful, handy Senate pioneer. A predictable riva l of social liberties enactment until 1957, he created amazing individual associations with incredible preservationist Southerners. A diligent employee, he intrigued partners with his regard for the subtleties of enactment and his eagerness to settle. In the late 1950s, Johnson started to consider genuinely running for the administration in 1960. His record had been genuinely traditionalist, in any case. Numerous Democratic nonconformists disdained his benevolent relationship with the Republican president, Dwight D. Eisenhower; others thought of him as a device of well off Southwestern gas and oil interests. Either to mellow this picture as a traditionalist or in light of internal conviction, Johnson moved somewhat to one side on some residential issues, particularly on social liberties laws, which he upheld in 1957 and 1960. In spite of the fact that these laws demonstrated ineffectual, Johnson had shown that he was an exceptionally clever Senate pioneer. To numerous northern Democ rats, be that as it may, Johnson stayed a sectional applicant. The presidential assignment of 1960 went to Senator John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts. Kennedy, a northern Roman Catholic, at that point chosen Johnson as his running mate to adjust the Democratic ticket. In November 1960 the Democrats vanquished the Republican competitors, Richard M. Nixon and Henry Cabot Lodge, by a thin edge. Johnson was designated by Kennedy to head the President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunities, a post that empowered him to chip away at sake of blacks and different minorities. As VP, he likewise attempted a few missions abroad, which offered him some restricted experiences

Aristotle on the Soul Essay

Aristotle’s thought contrasts from the typical origination of a spirit as a type of substance possessing the body, existing independently and unceasingly. To him, the spirit is the embodiment of a living thing. The spirit is the thing that makes a creature a living being at all by realizing its potential forever, and it’s established by its ability for exercises basic to that particular sort of being. His examination concerning the idea of the spirit shows fundamental standards of his philosophical speculations at work, including Hylomorphism, possibility and fact, and his four causes. His utilization of these hypotheses in breaking down and coaxing out the complexities of the spirit make for a strong and complete investigation, effectively managable with his different works. In this paper I will examine his idea of the spirit as depicted in De Anima, describing how he came to characterize the spirit, the clarification of the spirit, how the spirits of various types of ensouled creatures contrast, and his extraordinary idea of how the spirit is identified with the body. Aristotle starts Book 1 of De Anima by expressing that since the spirit is a rule of creatures, and here I will decipher creatures to mean all the more comprehensively creatures, depicting its embodiment has suggestions past its undeniable degree. In unfurling the idea of the spirit, it is conceivable to figure out which credits have a place with the spirit alone and which have a place with the creature in ethicalness of having a spirit (Aristotle, De Anima 402a). So close to investigating the idea of life, his examination will likewise try to respond to the topic of whether every psychological condition (of the spirit) are additionally material conditions of the body, or whether a few qualities of the spirit are one of a kind to it. In doing as such, we are defied with the intriguing ramifications of Aristotle’s position on the psyche/body issue, to which I will get to later on. Coming back to the current inquiry (what is the spirit? ), Aristotle begins his examination by utilization of his illustrative hypothesis of Hylomorphism, which expresses that substances are mixes of issue and structure, and change happens when structure realizes matter (Shields). There are three sorts of substances; structure, matter, and the compound of structure and matter. Matter is possibility and structure is reality. Structure completes matter, which has the possibility to be what it is. So utilizing Aristotle’s case of a bronze sculpture, the issue, for this situation the bronze, possibly realizes it’s capability of being a sculpture when it gets the structure, or the shape and highlights. Of intrigue is the third sort of substance, mixes, which make up living creatures. The body is the substance as issue, so the spirit is the substance as structure or shape. Here we get to Aristotle’s primer meaning of the spirit as the reality of a characteristic body having life conceivably (Aristotle, De Anima 412). It is in prudence of this structure, the spirit, that makes a creature alive. Without the spirit, the body would just have the limit with regards to life possibly, thus the spirit is the substance (the type) of living things. This fundamental definition is made a stride further when Aristotle distinguishes the spirit as the â€Å"first fact of a characteristic body that is possibly alive† (Aristotle, De Anima 412a). He guarantees that the reality that is the spirit resembles the fact that is information, in that we talk about it in two different ways. We can recognize a condition of knowing x and a condition of taking care of the information on x, where the last is a greater amount of a functioning procedure. The detached of condition of realizing x is the main fact, first since it should fundamentally come before joining in or recollecting that information I. e. potential goes before real. So also, the spirit of a resting individual resembles the uninvolved express, the primary fact, while the spirit of a conscious individual resembles the dynamic state. The spirit must be the principal fact, for if not we would be compelled to state a resting creature comes up short on a spirit, an end we would prefer not to make (Aristotle, De Anima 412a-412b). First reality appears to compare to an ability to participate in the movement of the subsequent fact, and along these lines is a sort of potential to practice some capacity, similar to the capacity to take part in thought. Aristotle clarifies when he expresses that, â€Å"If the eye, for example, were a creature, sight would be its soul† (Aristotle, De Anima 412b). Sight is the limit of the eye for seeing, where sight is the structure and the eye is the issue. The principal fact is the limit with regards to seeing, and the subsequent reality is seeing, effectively practicing the potential capacity. So it appears that past characterizing the spirit as the ‘first fact of a characteristic body that is possibly alive’, we can say the spirit is a lot of limits that portray living things. These trademark limits are distinctive in various creatures, and we will see that it is by these that Aristotle makes his chain of importance of ensouled creatures or the degrees of spirits. I will come back to this differentiation later in this paper, while depicting how the spirits of various ensouled creatures contrast. Now we have a meaning of the spirit, however as Aristotle worries all through his different works, we should decide the reason or clarification so as to really get a handle on the pith, and subsequently get at complete image of his perspective on the spirit. The definition simply given clarifies the what, however a full record must clarify the why. He states in the Physics, â€Å"for our request focuses on information; and we think we know something just when we discover the motivation behind why it is in this way, I. . , when we locate its essential cause† (Aristotle, Physics 194b). His rules for a satisfactory definition, one that is adequate for information, lay on his hypothesis of causation and clarification. The four causes incorporate the material reason, formal reason, effective aim, and last reason. Material reason is the thing that something is made of, the conventional reason is the structure or example of which a thing is the thing that it is, the effective motivation alludes to the specialist of progress or rest, and the last reason is the expected motivation behind the change or the motivation behind why a thing is done (Shields). We should, in this manner, decide why the spirit is the thing that it is in uprightness of these four general causes. The spirit is the rule and the reason for the living body, for it is in excellence of the spirit that the body is alive, and in this manner it assumes a logical job. It is the reason for the living body in three of the four different ways, as â€Å"the wellspring of movement, as what something is for, and as the substance of ensouled bodies†(Aristotle, De Anima 415), comparing to the productive reason, the last reason, and the conventional reason separately. It is the wellspring of movement in that it causes development and rot in the life form. The spirit is likewise the reason for the living body by being the last reason, as the body is just an organ for the spirit, focused on the spirit. Lastly, the spirit is the conventional reason for the living body for it causes life by being the structure and fact of what is possibly. The body makes up the fourth reason, the material reason, by being the issue that makes up a living life form (Aristotle, De Anima 415). I will utilize Aristotle’s case of the idea of a house as depicted in Book One, when he is talking about the significance of structure, so as to more readily outline the need for examination of an idea under his hypothesis of causation and clarification. To only characterize a house as stones, blocks, and timbers, isn't to catch its full embodiment. A house is stones, blocks, and timbers (material reason), incorporated with an encased structure (formal reason), designed together by a craftsman (effective aim), so as to give cover from the components (last reason). We can depict the what, however moving forward without any more insights concerning the clarification, we don’t truly know the idea of a house. Additionally the spirit is the reason, it gives the clarification for, the existence exercises of a living body. Now Aristotle’s thought of the spirit is very clear; it is the principal reality of a characteristic body that is conceivably alive, it is a lot of capacities with respect to nurturing and characterizing exercises of living beings, and it is the structure, the wellspring of movement, and the methods (it coordinates) as far as possible of the living body. Spirits of various living creatures are separated by their abilities to take part in the exercises normal for that sort of life form, which contain their employment and endurance. It is these separating resources that make up the spirit. Among these resources are the nutritive and conceptive, discerning, train, and the limit with respect to thought and comprehension. Aristotle claims, â€Å"the soul is the standard of the possibilities we have mentionedâ€for nourishment, recognition, comprehension, and motionâ€and is characterized by them† (Aristotle, De Anima 413). There are three kinds of spirits, orchestrated in a settled pecking order, so the ownership of a higher soul involves ownership of all that are beneath it. The least, or generally fundamental, in this pecking order is the nutritive soul. Every single living thing have the limit with regards to self-sustenance, for without this they would not live. Next is the delicate soul, which is had distinctly by creatures. The most noteworthy kind of soul is the objective soul, having a place just with people. These three spirits are separated by their capacity, comparing to the ensouled being in control of the spirit with the ability to practice that work. While the creature soul has the nutritive and the touchy, and the human spirit the reasonable too, every ha except one bound together soul with a different arrangements of limits (Shields). The nutritive soul is the possibility held by every single living thing to safeguard it and prepare it forever. The capacity of this spirit is the utilization of sustenance and age, or propagation. Age is the most normal capacity, as it is a methods professionally being to take an interest later on (the â€Å"everlasting and divineâ

Heck yeah, democracy.

Heck yeah, democracy. So as I mentioned in a previous post, Im taking 6.005 (Software Construction) this semester, which if you remember, I described as a notoriously tedious and time-consuming class. The past three weeks have validated that statement. Ive spent an average of 6 hours each day (read: ~ 8 pm 2 am) for the past 4 days working on 6.005. Our assignment is to create a Sudoku solver, which will read in any Sudoku puzzle and figure out a solution to it. Its pretty cool!! Except hard to do :( So understandably, theres been an outpouring of overwhelmed-ness amongst the 6.005 student body. This feeling of utter panic manifested itself on the 6.005 Piazza site  (Piazza is basically a site where students can ask questions and instructors/classmates can answer them a.k.a. a way to get instantaneous answers to questions) via a thread titled: Extended deadline for pset 2: Hi, can you give a class extension for pset 2s deadline? This is a hard pset, and we are just starting to cover the materials that are necessary to complete this pset, so it is unnecessarily demanding to finish the pset by this Thursday. Thanks! A bajillion people liked/viewed/responded to that thread, and less than 24 hours later, we all received the following email, with the subject line 6.005 announcement: Problem Set 2 Deadline Changed: In response to popular demand, we have decided to move the deadline for the Beta submission of problem set 2 to Sunday 11:59 PM. Armando and Saman Which in turn resulted in the following im-so-relieved-and-in-love-with-freedom-of-speech-and-democracy piazza post: Yay! And the following success baby meme (credit to Edan 12): Which all-in-all made my Tuesday night (or Wednesdy, early morning rather) a bubble of extreme happiness. And now Im sharing that happiness with you :) Happy Leap Day!

What If Your Grad School Recommendation Is Missing

Recommendation letters are a vital part of your application to graduate school. All applications require multiple letters of recommendation from professionals, typically faculty members, who evaluate your capacity for graduate-level work. Selecting faculty to approach and soliciting recommendation letters is challenging. Applicants usually breathe a sigh of relief once several faculty  members have agreed to write on their behalf. Asking Is Not Enough Once you have obtained your letters, do not rest on your laurels. Stay aware of the status of your application, particularly whether each program has received your recommendation letters. Your application will not be read  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚  not one word will pass the admission committees eyes  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚  until it is complete. Your application is not complete until all recommendation letters are received. Most graduate programs notify students of the status of their applications. Some send emails to students with incomplete applications. Many have online tracking systems that permit students to log in and determine their status. Take advantage of opportunities to check up on your application. Recommendation letters do not always arrive on time  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚  or at all. Now What? With admissions deadlines rapidly approaching, its up to you to ensure that your application is complete. If a recommendation letter is missing, you must approach the faculty member and give a gentle nudge. Many students find requesting recommendation letters difficult. Following up on late letters often is petrifying. Dont be afraid. Its a stereotype, but often true that many faculty  members are tardy. They are late to class, late returning student work, and late in sending recommendation letters. Professors may explain that graduate programs expect faculty letters to be late. That may be true (or not), but its your job to ensure that your letters arrive on time. You cant control the faculty members behavior, but you can offer gentle reminders. Email the faculty member and explain that the graduate program contacted you because your application is incomplete as they have not received all of your recommendation letters. Most faculty will immediately apologize, perhaps say that they forgot, and promptly send it. Others may not check their email or reply to your message. If the professor does not answer email, your next step is to call. In many cases, you will have to leave a voicemail. Identify yourself. State your name. Explain that you are following up to request a recommendation letter be present because the graduate program has not received it. Leave your phone number. Thank the professor, then leave your phone number and name again. Speak slowly and clearly. When you speak to the professor, be factual (e.g., the admissions coordinator says the letter has not been received) and be courteous. Do not accuse the faculty member of being late or of trying to undermine your application. The fact is that he or she probably simply forgot. Remember that you want your professor to think highly of you as he or she writes your letter, so be polite and deferential. Follow Up After you have reminded faculty your job is not done. Follow up with the graduate programs. Its up to you to ensure that your application is complete. Some faculty might tell you that they will send the letter soon, but they again may fall victim to tardiness. Check up. You might find a week or two later that the letter still has not arrived. Again remind the professor. This time email and call. It isnt fair, but the reality is that some faculty, though they mean well, do not send recommendation letters on time. Be aware of this and do your best to ensure that your graduate application is complete and on time.

Adolf Hitler s Influence On His Deeds During World War...

Hitler Adolf Hitler has the image of having a ruthless evil character from his deeds during world war two. However evidences show that he was not a terribly evil person, but a normal person with large ambitions. Canadian prime minister Mackenzie King wrote in his journal after meeting with Adolf Hitler that, he is really one who truly loves his fellow-men, and his country, and would make any sacrifice for their good†¦a man of deep sincerity and a genuine patriot, which all shows he was naturally a good person with a genuine ambition of wanting to create a better environment for himself and the country. In January 1933, Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany and immediately began to challenge the Treaty of Versailles and adapt an aggressive foreign policy, which led to war. It is not hard to blame Adolf Hitler for starting the war, however looking at evidences show that he was naturally a good person that was not taught or at the very least did not bother to realize the importance of lea rning to control his ambitions to not reach the level of selfish greediness. Hence ambition is needed to proceed forward but the control of it must be taught to refrain from these event occurring. Napoleon Napoleon was very ambitious to the point where it was greedy as shown in history books of his many battles. The historians hold divergent views regarding the motives behind these battles. According to them his chief motives for his wars are dynastic advancement, high ambition, influence ofShow MoreRelatedHitlers Rise to Power: Personal or Political1494 Words   |  6 Pagesextent was Hitler’s rise to power due to personal appeal and ability? Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, at a time when the Weimar Republic was crumbling in on its self. The Republic was collapsing as a result of the economic conditions that were forced upon Germany by the Great Depression , beginning in 1929, and the conditions of the Treaty of Versailles, as a result of Germany’s involvement in the First World War. Combined these two factors had the result of delivering a crippling blow to Germany’sRead MoreThe Use Of Mass Media On The World Of Jews1495 Words   |  6 Pagesover, as reality. Yet they have never seen Hitler, never spoken to him, never heard a word from his mouth. The very name Hitler immediately conjures up a grimacing devil, the fount of all of one’s negative emotions† (Moses). The proceeding quote, a few lines from Hitler Triumphant by Matthew Moses, tells Adolf Hitler is most commonly known for the unforgivable deeds that he committed in his lifetime. Those acts were terrible and left a scar on the worl d that can never be mended. However for manyRead MoreThe Analects Books I V I ve Had An Open Mind1522 Words   |  7 Pagesthis chapter introduces two of the basic themes of work. The first theme that I prefer the most is â€Å"what qualities are desirable in a human being. This one is important to me because in today’s world I question this every day. I wonder what are all the qualities a human being can have and why don’t everyone have the same qualities. The second theme is how morality can be reflected in one’s behavior. The story soon shifts to matters involving family and the government. During this course, with everyRead MoreNazi Propagand The Most Strategic Scheme2822 Words   |  12 Pageslife as paradise† (Hitler quoted in Ordeal by Battle). Jeremy Garber Mr. Katz 20th Century U.S. History 5 December 2014 Propaganda is defined as â€Å"information or ideas that are spread by an organized group or government to influence people’s opinions, especially by not giving all the facts or by secretly emphasizing only one way of looking at the facts† (English Definition of ‘propaganda’†). Propaganda has been used throughout history, but had a drastic role in World War I by rallying upRead MoreThe Holocaust : The Most Tragic Events Of History2183 Words   |  9 Pagesthat took innocent lives away evidence of the medical experiments are able to prove that it did. On January 19 ,1933 The Nazi’s invaded Germany. When dictator Adolf Hitler came to power he took many innocent lives by discriminating against the Jews, Gypsies, Jehovah s witness, Polish, socialist, Russians, and homosexuals. During the World War II, numerous German Doctors conducted inhumane and painful experiments on thousands of concentration camp prisoners without consent. The Nazi Party began humanRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesLinda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Read MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pages Leadership is a Process, Not a Position 51 51 70 1. Leadership is Everyone’s Business 2. Interaction between the Leader, the Followers the Situation Cohen †¢ Effective Behavior in Organizations, Seventh Edition 11. Leadership: Exerting Influence and Power 94 94 Text Palmer−Dunford−Akin †¢ Managing Organizational Change 2. Images of Managing Change 121 121 147 147 Text 3. Why Organizations Change Text Cohen †¢ Effective Behavior in Organizations, Seventh Edition 14. Initiating

Assessment Process for Linguistic Ability of 3-4 Years Old Children Free Essays

string(53) " limit their imagination and give them any pressure\." The focus of this paper is on the assessment processes used in descriptive studies of children, aged 3-4 years, who are learning English. We adopt mainly classroom assessments with naturally occurring performance tasks and used multiple intelligence theory to assess their progress. In so doing we have found both problems and benefits that come from using this kind of assessment for young children. We will write a custom essay sample on Assessment Process for Linguistic Ability of 3-4 Years Old Children or any similar topic only for you Order Now Lots of data were put to use for this paper, and my hope is that it could open and enlighten kindergarten English teachers. . Context Twenty-first century learning is about the process of integration and using knowledge, not just the acquisition of facts and procedures. Educators need to build assessments for learning, rather than just solely teaching. Assessment is different from testing. According to Graves, Juel, Graves (2006), assessment uses ongoing evaluations and is used to guide further instruction. Accounts by Mitchell (1992), Wiggins (1992), and Wolf, LeMahieu, and Eresh (1992) suggest that teachers who have used performance tests report improved thinking and problem solving in their learners.Additionally, school districts in Colorado, Oregon, California, New York, New Hampshire, Texas, Illinois, and other states have all taken it upon themselves to experiment with performance tests in their classrooms (Educational Leadership, 1992). We carried out a small-scale project with observation method because the value of observing is not for collection of files but to assess the prospective development and to match it is with an appropriate response. (Carole Sharman Wendy Cross Diana Vennis Observing Children: A Practical Guide, 3th Edition)Wordless picture books can be both â€Å"pure† picture books or the â€Å"almost† wordless picture books that rely on illustrations to tell a story, and they offer a variety of topics, themes, and levels of difficulty (Jalongo, Dragich, Conrad, Zhang 2002). Many educators have used wordless picture books to support the development of young children’s literacy skills (Avery 1996; Gitelman 1990; Read Smith 1982; Reese 1996). Because of the absence of print, it also makes it possible for ESL or EFL students doing reading and writing activities to use the same materials.In the next section we will present the experience of practicing a performance assessment in my teaching and learning. Participant The authors of this paper are Li Shu and Teacher Yang. Li Shu is an English teacher who works as a teacher at the Montessori kindergarten, Etonkids. Teacher Yang is also a teacher at Etonkids, working in the Casa class (from 3-years old to 6- years old). Li Shu (Li) and Yang observed a group of 10 2-3year children for over 1 week without telling students that this is for assessment.Concerning the children’s family culture, 4 children’s parents don’t understand English and don’t speak English; 4 children’s parents speak a little English and 2 children’s parents can understand English and speak English to them. Procedure (step by step) Assessment techniques Teaching and learning require that you constantly gather information and make decisions. You might not realize it, but teachers make decisions about students at the rate of one every 2 to 3 minutes (Shavelson Stern, 1981). That’s about 20 decisions every class period!Sound teaching decisions require sound information and only sound assessment procedures gather sound information. Researchers estimate that teachers may spend anywh ere from one third to one half of their time in assessment-related activities (Stiggins, Conkin, Associates, 1992) so every teacher should think about the decisions that he/she makes. After I participated in the course â€Å"Educational Assessment of Students†, I learned that before I teach and assess, I think about the following questions: 1.What content do I need to cover during this day, this week, this month, and this marking period? 2. What abilities (cultural background, interests, skills etc. ) of my students do I need to take into account as I plan my teaching activities? 3. What materials are appropriate for me to use with this group of students? 4. What learning activities will my students and I need to be engaged in as I teach the lesson? 5. What learning targets do I want my students to achieve as a result of my teaching? 6. How should I organize and arrange the students in my class for the upcoming lessons and activities?With these questions and taking into consideration of their age, their ability to see things in their true light, their level of self-control, their language ability, etc. , I chose to use an informal observation method for the students during their classroom activities. This is performance assessment. It not only assesses my students’ learning, it also assesses my teaching goals and the appropriateness of my teaching materials. I have prepared a short song with words to be assessed at the end of the week.There are two main purposes for this assessment. One is to assess whether the ten children could remember and understand these words. The second is to assess other developments of the children. All of the words are my weekly teaching goals and the music gives them a signal of these words’ meanings. The children need to memorize these words and be able to say them correctly. I chose some wordless books named â€Å"I can†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ,and â€Å"Animals on farm† and left them on the bookshelf where they were available to the students at any time.During the work time or circle time, I also played different styles of music to which to work to, that coordinate with my teaching goal. They have this English class time for a total of 45 minutes, including 15 minutes of circle time and 30 minutes of playground time, each day. Our weekly topic is about such verbs as walk, jump, tiptoe, gallop, hop, and skate. My role is to focus on observing these 10 children’s daily conversation and daily language activities. Yang’s role, as a Montessori teacher and being very familiar with our objectives, is to focus on observing these children’s daily activities.As such we are observing from different perspectives. We did not inform the students of our expectations because we did not want to limit their imagination and give them any pressure. You read "Assessment Process for Linguistic Ability of 3-4 Years Old Children" in category "Papers" I assessed their language learning ability and Teacher Yang assessed their synthetic ability. In total, between the two of us, we assed every child from 7 different categories. They are: 1. Word Pronunciation; 2. Picture Identification; 3. Recognition of meaning; 4. Ability to read the word; 5. Body Expression; 6. Musical Understanding; and 7. Interpersonal elationships or social ability. According to Howard Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences, the first 4 points fall under the category of linguistic ability while points 4,5,7 fall under the category of Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence (the ability to use one’s mental abilities to coordinate one’s own bodily movements). This intelligence challenges the popular belief that mental and physical activities are unrelated. Musical Intelligence encompasses the capability to recognize and musical pitches, tones, and rhythms and use them to compose music.Auditory abilities are also required for a person to develop this intelligence in relation to pitch and tone but it is not needed for the knowledge of rhythm. These two functions are separate from each other, but most cultures give these two a close association (Dr. Howard Gardner. 1983). Auditory functions are also not needed for the knowledge of interpersonal feelings and intentions of others which Gardner categorizes as the Intrapersonal Intelligence–the ability to understand one’s own feelings and motivations.From the above description, you can see we mainly choose Natural Occurring tasks (for Performance assessment) and integrated them with the Theory of Multiple Intelligences. Here, I think it’s necessary to give explanation of â€Å"performance assessment†, â€Å" Naturally Occurring† and â€Å"Multiple Intelligences Theory† According to Nitko and Brookhart (2007), a performance assessment presents a task that requires students to do an activity that requires applying their knowledge and skills for several learning targets and uses clearly defined criteria to evaluate how well the student has achieved this task.Naturally occurring tasks require you to observe and assess students in natural settings: in typical classroo m settings, on the playground, at home etc. In this setting you are more likely to see how the student typically performs when they want to achieve a goal, such as cooperating with members of a group to accomplish a task. In natural settings you do not tell students that they are being assessed, nor do you control the situation in any way. Gardner defines intelligence as â€Å"the capacity to solve problems or to fashion products that are valued in one or more cultural setting† (Gardner ; Hatch, 1989). Using biological and anthropological research, he formulated a list of seven intelligences. This new outlook on intelligence differs greatly from the traditional view which generally recognizes only two intelligences, verbal and computational. The seven intelligences that Gardner defines are: 1. Logical-Mathematical Intelligence consists of the ability to detect patterns, reason deductively and think logically. This intelligence is most often associated with scientific and mathematical thinking. . Linguistic Intelligence involves having a mastery of language. This intelligence includes the ability to effectively manipulate language to express oneself rhetorically or poetically. It also allows one to use language as a means to remember information. 3. Spatial Intelligence gives one the ability to manipulate and create mental images in order to solve problems. This intelligence is not limited to visual domains–Gardner notes that spatial intelligence is also formed in blind children. . Musical Intelligence encompasses the capability to recognize and compose musical pitches, tones, and rhythms. (Auditory functions are required for a person to develop this intelligence in relation to pitch and tone, but it is not needed for the knowledge of rhythm. ) 5. Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence is the ability to use one’s mental abilities to coordinate one’s own bodily movements. This intelligence challenges the popular belief that mental and physical activity are unrelated. 6.The Personal Intelligences includes Intrapersonal Intelligence(the ability to understand one’s own feelings and motivations) and Interpersonal Intelligence (the ability to understand the intentions of others). These two intelligences are separate from each other. Nevertheless, because of their close association in most cultures, they are often linked together. Although the intelligences are anatomically separated from each other, Gardner claims that the seven intelligences very rarely operate independently.Rather, the intelligences are used concurrently and typically complement each other as individuals develop skills or solve problems. Next, we give the criteria (standards) against what students will be judged and define what indicators we use to determine the â€Å"level† of competence. We consult The Developmental Progress of Infants and Young Children (3rd edn ). London: HMSO. ( Sheridan. M. 1995). We made an assessment form for every child. See table 1 (EXAMPLE OF THE ASSESSMENT FOR A STUDENT) Weekly English Learning assessment forms. CHILD’S NAME AGE: |3Y and 2M |CLASS LEVEL NAME, CAMPUS |LI DO | | | | |CAMPUS | |LEVEL AND TITLE OF BOOK PRESENTED |Level 1 |WEEK/MONTH |WEEK2/Mar | |NAME OF CHINESE ENGLISH TEACHER |Li Shu |NAME OF ENGLSIH HEAD TEACHER |DJ. inter | |VOCABULARY |Word Pronunciation |Identifies |Understands |Reads |Bodily |Musical |Social | | | |picture |meaning |word |expression |understanding |Interaction | |Walk |3 |2 |3 |3 |5 |4 |1 | |Jump |3 |3 |3 |4 |5 |4 |1 | |Gallop | | | | | | | | |Skate | | | | | | | | |Hop | | | | | | | | |Tiptoe | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |DATE FIRST OBSERVED | |Familiarity with the words | 09/03 | |Ability to Speak the words | 11/03 | |Listens to an adult read story books | 11/03 | |Familiarity with the story book | |Ability to answer simples questions about story | 10/03 | |Understands sto ry | | |Reads story with assistance | | |Reads story without assistance | | |Creates extensions/versions of story | | |SPORT INTELLEGENCE | |LINGUISTIC |SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT |INTERPERSONAL |MUSICAL | | | |INTELLEGENCE | |DEVELOPMENT |INTELLEGENCE | |5 |3 |3 |1 | | | |ADDITIONAL COMMENTS ON THE CHILD’S PROGRESS | NOTE: 1-POOR 2-ORDINARY 3-GOOD 4-WONDERFUL 5-EXCELLENTWe directly observed students, matched the student’s performance to the criteria (standards) and determined which level most closely correlated for the students and completed the forms. The results from the assessment showed that some of the students show their intelligence through the sport, and musical intelligences. So, we began to think about teaching and asked ourselves why we don’t teach English by using more sport activities or musical activities. At last we provided student feedback in terms of levels of competence, talked with parents and adjusted teaching methods appropriately. Why did we choose a classroom performance assessment? 1. Good for children; 2. Good for teachers Performance assessments have several advantages over other assessments.These advantages are summarized here (Hambleton Murphy, 1992; Linn Gronlund, 1995; Oosterhof, 1994; Rudner Boston, 1994; Shepard, 1991; Stiffins, 1994; Wiffins, 1990): 1. Performance tasks clarify the meaning of complex learning targets. Authentic performance tasks match complex learning targets to a close degree. When you present them to students and share them with parents, you make the learning goals clear through actual example. 2. Performance tasks assess the ability â€Å"to do†. An important school outcome is the ability to use knowledge and skill to solve problems and lead a useful life, rather than simply to answer questions about doing. 3.Performance assessment is consistent with modern learning theory. Modern learning theory emphasizes that students should use their previous knowledge to build new knowledge structures, be actively involved in exploration and inquiry through task like activities, and construct meaning for themselves from educational experience. Most performance assessments engage students and actively involve them with complex tasks. Many performance tasks require exploration and inquiry. 4. Performance assessments may be linked more closely with teaching activities. When your teaching requires students to be actively involved in inquiry and performance activities, performance assessments are a meaningful component.This is not an advantage of performance assessments if your teaching is primarily teacher directed or uses lecture style. 5. Performance tasks integration of knowledge, skills, and abilities. Complex performance tasks, especially those that span longer periods, usually require students to use many different skills and abilities. Portfolio assessment, projects, and research reports, for example, require a student to use knowledge from several different subject areas and many different abilities. 6. Performance tasks broaden the approach to student assessment. Introducing performance assessment along with traditional objective formats broadens the types of learning targets you assess and offers students a variety of ways of expressing their learning. This increases the validity of your student evaluations. 7. Performance tasks let teachers assess the processes students use as well as products they produce. Many performance tasks offer you the opportunity to watch the way a student goes about solving a problem or completing a task. Appropriate scoring rubrics help you collect information about the quality of the processes and strategies students use, as well as assess the quality of the finished product. What did I find? For teachers 1. After doing this assessment, we both got some experience. As young children’s teachers, we are important decision makers and must plan the environment accordingly. Teachers, make it your first task to know your students better, for you surely do not know them† (Jean Jacques Rousseau in Ellis, 2001, p. 67). Today’s classrooms provide unique challenges for teachers. Teachers must know content matter as well as state standards. When we craft assessment for children, we should be considering many potential factors for children so as not to delay or hinder children’s development, while also discovering their problems and potential capabilities. 2. It’s difficult to craft a high-quality performance assessment, because good performance assessments should match complex learning targets. Teachers need to learn a significant number of skills to create high-quality tasks.For example, we used multiple intelligence in this assessment, so teachers must be familiar with this theory and use it in the classroom to assess performance of tasks. This means that educators should recognize and teach to a broader range of talents and skills. For students 1. Completing performance tasks takes a lot of time for the students. Most authentic tasks take days, weeks or even longer periods of time for young children to complete. 2. A student’s performance on a task very much depends on their prior knowledge, the particular wording or phrasing of the a task, the context in which it is administered, and the specific subject-matter content embedded in the task (Lane et al. 1992; Linn, 1993; Shavelson Baxter, 1991). Conclusion In conclusion, I want to say that classroom assessment with naturally occurring task is more suitable to young children’s language learning than other kinds of assessment. However it still needs more work, especially in the development of appropriate rubrics. The teachers doing this type of assessment need to be educated in the knowledge and skills that are needed and also need to be patient. Yang and I had almost one week observation of all of these children. Some of children learned from books. Some of children learned from the teacher. Some of children learned from conversations with each others.In conclusion, different children have different learning styles and all teachers should respect their different learning styles by providing different learning opportunities for every child. I hope that our assessment is a true performance style, and that more teachers will use this type of ongoing assessment as a way to improve both our teaching and our learning.Reference ANTHONYJ. NITKO. (1996). Educational Assessment of students. Pearson education, INC, upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. Brualdi, Amy C. Multiple Intelligences: Gardner’s Theory. 1996-09-00. (ERIC Identifier: ED410226). Ran Hu. ; Michelle Commeyras. (2008). Assessment processes for emergent biliteracy in english and Chinese of a five-year old Chinese girl in the united states. CELEA Journal. Vol. 31. No. 5, p68 Gardner, H. , ; Hatch, T. (1989). Multiple intelligences go to school: Educational implications of the theory of multiple intelligences. Educational Researcher, 18(8), 4-9. Sheridan, M. (1995) the Developmental Progress of Infants and Young Children (3rd edn). London: HMSO. Dare, A. and O’Donovan, M. (1997) Good Practice in Caring for Young Children with Special Needs. Leckhampton: Stanley Thornes. Kornhaber, M. , ; Gardner, H. (1993, March). Varieties of excellence: identifying and assessing children’s talents. A series on authentic assessment and accountability. New York: Columbia University, Teachers College, National Center for Restructuring Education, Schools, and Teaching. (ED 363 396) How to cite Assessment Process for Linguistic Ability of 3-4 Years Old Children, Essays

Criminal Law for Robert Patrick Ryan - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theCriminal Law for Robert Patrick Ryan. Answer: Facts of the case: The whole thing began when Robert Patrick Ryan read a novel, in which the legend victimized an administration station by utilizing a firearm and tying up the orderly. The anecdotal looter at that point put the cash in the Irish sweepstakes and won a fortune. He utilized the rewards to reimburse the administration station proprietor and help his folks. This story bigly affected Ryan, who was comparatively spurred to help his battling guardians. Ryan had no past feelings. He had the firearm that was at last in the wrongdoing since he was 14, and constantly utilized it capably. In any case, in the wake of shortening the firearm and cutting his legend's name into it, he composed an arrangement to reproduce the anecdotal occasions, all things considered. He enlisted a companion to go about as an associate and at 11pm they rode together on a motorbike to an adjacent administration station. There was just a single man, the carport colleague, in the station when the combine arrived (Gans, 2 016). White, Ryans companion, held up outside while Ryan ran in with his firearm. He requested cash from the right hand, who opened an attract and acquiesced to his requests. Ryan at that point requested the startled partner to pivot and place his hands in the face of his good faith. The collaborator consented, yet Ryan progressed towards regardless him pointing the weapon. The collaborator at that point squatted, hauled out his hands and pivoted. With the firearm in one hand and rope in the other, Ryan hopped back in astound, inadvertently releasing the weapon and lethally shooting the hapless collaborator. Decision at the trial: Ryan conceded that he was liable of homicide however prevented being liable from claiming murder. His companion conceded to homicide and this was acknowledged by the indictment, however Ryan's offer was cannot. Ryan guaranteed that the executing was unintentional. He told the police "I didn't intend to execute him; it was a mischance." Ryan guaranteed that didn't plan to pull the trigger, portraying his activities as unadulterated reflex. The offense of murder requires two things: the liable demonstration or actus reus (of physically executing a man) and the vital perspective or mens rea, which on account of murder basically requires an expectation to slaughter or cause appalling substantial damage (GBH). The demonstration must be a willful one, and this intentionality is a basic fixing in the wrongdoing of murder. Slaughtering a man while undertaking an unlawful demonstration, regardless of the possibility that there was no goal to murder or cause GBH, is homicide (Ormerod Laird, 2 017). Decision of the High Court: Did the actions of Ryan amount to murder? As indicated by the High Court, the appropriate response 'yes'. The Court re-expressed the precedent-based law rule that a man is not liable of a wrongdoing requiring mens rea in the event that it was managed without the activity of through and through freedom. Ryan's activities, nonetheless, did not fit into an indistinguishable classification of requirement from somebody acting under pressure (ie the danger of power), or somebody experiencing a seizure, whereby they can't be said to have acted uninhibitedly and intentionally (Moore, 2016). Equity Windeyer clarified that: "demise was caused not just by the pulling of the trigger, but rather by many demonstrations of the charged: stacking the rifle, positioning it, showing it, pulling the trigger". It was the rearward in this long chain of willful acts that made the direct deadly. Saying the activity was programmed ought not pardon a completely cognizant individual who, by his own unrestrained choice, place himself in a circumstance where he stacked, positioned, and pointed a weapon at someone else, as per the Learned Justice. Maybe the Court needed to communicate something specific that any individual who utilizes brutality to submit genuine offenses does as such at their own hazard, and will be considered capable if their activities, even unintentionally, brought about damage or passing to others (Dyer, 2017). Discussion on the implications of the case: The case brought about a change as per the criminal laws of the country. The topic of whether there was a deliberate demonstration of the blamed that made the damage the casualty which is the subject of the charge may include one, or both, of two issues (a) Was there any demonstration of the denounced that caused the mischief? (b) Was the demonstration of the charged that caused the mischief an intentional one? This issue is managed for the most part under the theme "Causation" and the general course given at [2-310] can be adjusted where the issue is whether there was a demonstration of the charged that caused the mischief despite the fact that the specific demonstration can't be distinguished. An issue can emerge in the matter of whether the demonstration causing the damage was the demonstration of the expired or the demonstration of the charged where the general headings on causation require extensive alteration (Ormerod Laird, 2014). This is not a situation where as examined under causation, the issue is whether there was a break in the chain of causation by some demonstration of the expired or someone else. But instead distinguishing whether the demonstration causing demise was the demonstration of the perished or the denounced. For instance, the issue can emerge where the casualty is given a substance by someone else that outcomes in the damage caused. In such a case the determinatio n of the inquiry may rely on the limit of the casualty to settle on a contemplated choice whether to ingest the substance knowing the results of doing as such (Yannoulidis, 2016). The issue emerges for the most part where the demonstration causing passing can be distinguished yet the inquiry is whether the demonstration was intentional. This can prompt a thought of what ought to be thought to be the demonstration causing passing and is an inquiry for the jury. It is pointless for a trial judge to raise the issue of willfulness with the jury if the proof plainly recommends no absence of intentionality The demonstration causing the harm must be the ponder demonstration of a man before that individual can be considered criminally in charge of the results of that demonstration (Solaiman, S2016). A demonstration is not think in the event that it was not intentional. To offer ascent to criminal obligation the demonstration must be a willed demonstration of the individual blamed for carrying out an offense. An unconstrained, unintended reflex activity is not itself a willful demonstration. In like manner discourse a man will depict an automatic go about similar to a coincidental one. The Crown must demonstrate past sensible uncertainty that any demonstration of the accused whereupon it depends as causing the harm perpetrated to the casualty/deceased was a deliberate demonstration: that is, a willed follow up on the piece of the denounced. This is particular from the issue of whether the charged expected certain results from his or her demonstration. It is a more principal idea that is worried about the idea of the demonstration itself (Burgess, 2016). Here the accused has raised the issue of whether his/her act bringing about the harm to the victim was a willful one. Indicate the premise whereupon it is stated the demonstration was not deliberate and the proof in support. The Crown must demonstrate past sensible uncertainty that the demonstration affirmed as causing the harm to the victim was a willful demonstration of the accused. In the event that you consider that the Crown has neglected to wipe out the sensible probability that the demonstr ation of the accused depended upon by the Crown was not a deliberate one, you should discover the accused not blameworthy. However, if the issue of what demonstration of the charged caused the damage emerges see the recommended bearing for causation. One of the troubles is characterizing what a willful activity is and isn't. Words like "willed" have a similar trouble - an intentional activity is one that is willed, whatever that implies. In Australia, Ryan v The Queen (1967) 121 CLR 205, the respondent entered a shop with a stacked rifle for a burglary. In a sudden assault, the shop partner got the appealing party off guard, him by a reflex activity to release the firearm, murdering the right hand in a split second. The Crimes Act 1900 (NSW) requires that "murder might be carried out where the demonstration of the denounced causing the passing charged". Barwick CJ. said at 213: That a wrongdoing can't be submitted aside from by a demonstration or oversight is aphoristic. It is fundamental, as he would see it, that the "demonstration" of a denounced must be a 'willed', an intentional demonstration which has caused the demise charged (Edelman Bant, 2016). However, it is the demonstration which must be willed, however its outcome s may not be planned. Was the discharging of the firearm willed in order to constitute a "demonstration" for the motivations behind the murder allegation? Elliot(1968) remarks that 'his response resembled the sudden development of a tennis player recovering a troublesome shot; not joined by cognizant arranging, but rather absolutely not automatic'. Barwick CJ. affirmed the murder conviction on the grounds that 'the demonstration causing demise' incorporated the general conditions in which the weapon was shot. The judge and jury: could have inferred that the demonstration causing demise was the introduction of the positioned, stacked firearm with the security get unapplied and that its automatic release was a probability which should have been in the thought of the candidate while exhibiting the weapon in the conditions. The idea of intentionality is mutable, that is, it is interested in factor and conflicting translation. In Ryan v R, Windeyer J clarified this was principally on the grounds that 'of ambiguities in "intentional" and its assumed equivalent words, halfway on the grounds that of loose, however deep rooted, refinements who have since quite a while ago commanded implies thoughts concerning the working of the human mind (Carter, Brown Rahmani, 2016).' It is verifiable from such an announcement, to the point that the law must work as a regulating science which assesses human direct for functional purposes, and acknowledges working speculations which incorporates free will. The demonstration of putting forth a deliberate expression must be borne from a individual's through and through freedom and can't be effectively inspired or actuated. In Dixon J's judgment he unequivocally expresses that the articulation 'individual in specialist' incorporates 'officer of police and so forth, the prosec utor and other worried in inclining toward the charged' (Turner, 2016). This has been held to just expand 'when the denounced trusts himself or herself to be under weight from the exceptional coercive energy of the state' to such an extent that the states 'coercive power must be engaged'. Consequently, it is obvious that when a man in specialist is not 'connecting with the energy of the state', at that point the intentionality of the charged articulation is not "instigated" and any announcement made by the denounced must be willful. The more extensive decide that Dixon J proposes identifies with the idea of basal intentionality and this was remarked upon by Toohey, Gaudron and Gummow JJ in R v Swaffiel where they expressed that its application is managed wide operation in the Courts.23 The term 'basal intentionality's gets itself from the thoughts supporting the more extensive implying that Dixon J expressed in McDermott v R, and its application is just valuable when identifying wit h people not in a place of expert (Hemming, 2013). The basal rule alluded to in R v Swaffield is 'a rule the utilization of which is adaptable and is not constrained by any classification of incitements that may beat a man's will'. The rule is concerned essentially with admissions which are made under impulse in a way that prevails over a man's will' and expels the intentional part of a confession lists ideal to talk or remain silent. Such admissions fall inside the ambit of the more extensive standard depicted by Dixon J already and they originate from the utilization of impulse which is universal with pressure, terrorizing, diligent urgency, or maintained or undue request or pressure'. Evidently, as per the immediate and basal guidelines of willfulness that Dixon J proposed, explanations which are made to a man who is not in a position specialist and which are not put forth under impulse are expressions which are voluntary. How much impulse is in operation or missing is the essent ial factor in deciding if a confession booth articulation is esteemed willful (Joudo-Larsen, 2014) On the off chance that it is missing, at that point it is certain that any announcements made by a blamed can be considered deliberate as per the Dixon J's more extensive run the show. Reference: Gans, J. (2016).Modern criminal law of Australia. Cambridge University Press. Ormerod, D., Laird, K. (2017).Smith, Hogan, and Ormerod's Text, Cases, and Materials on Criminal Law. Oxford University Press. Moore, J. G. (2016). Criminal Responsibility and Causal Determinism.Wash. U. Jurisprudence Rev.,9, 43. Solaiman, S. M. (2016). Corporate Manslaughter by Industrial Robots at Work: Who Should Go on Trial under the Principle of Common Law in Australia.JL Com.,35, 21. Ormerod, D., Laird, K. (2014).Text, Cases, and Materials on Criminal Law. Oxford University Press, USA. Dyer, A. (2017). Il V the Queen: Joint Criminal Enterprise and the Constructive Murder Rule: Is this Where Their'Logic Leads You'?. Yannoulidis, S. (2016).Mental State Defences in Criminal Law. Routledge. Burgess, C. N. (2016). Critical analysis of the law surrounding" one punch" killings. Rule, C. M., Their, I. T. W. (2017). Before the High Court. Edelman, J., Bant, E. (2016).Unjust enrichment. Bloomsbury Publishing. Barnett, K., Harder, S. (2014).Remedies in Australian private law. Cambridge University Press. Carter, D. J., Brown, J., Rahmani, A. (2016). Reading the high court at a distance: Topic modelling the legal subject matter and judicial activity of the high court of Australia, 1903-2015.UNSWLJ,39, 1300. Turner, P. G. (Ed.). (2016).Equity and Administration. Cambridge University Press. Hemming, A. G. (2013). Is Bentham's vision of a comprehensive criminal code suitable as a model design for a code?. Lynch, A. (Ed.). (2016).Great Australian Dissents. Cambridge University Press. Joudo-Larsen, J. (2014). Restorative justice in the Australian criminal justice system.AIC reports. Research and Public Policy series., v.

Art and Aesthetics Art in Public Space

Art refers to a means of purposefully putting things in a particular manner so as to influence the mind, senses as well as the emotions. It constitutes of various creations, human activities and several methods of expression of human ideas through paintings, music, sculpture, literature, filming and photography (Creative Intelligence 4).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Art and Aesthetics: Art in Public Space specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Beauty on the other hand refers to the characteristics bestowed in an individual that leads to a perceived understanding of satisfaction and pleasure. It emanates from aesthetic. Ideal beauty thus refers to that which attracts admiration in a given culture leading to perfection. Thus art has been broadly explored in aesthetic so as to bring out its correlation to generations and mankind. This essay therefore, uses the concepts from semiotics to discuss art and aesthetics in re lation to California Disney Hall as a piece of art in public. Semiotic concepts include signs and making meaning out of the signs identified in a particular piece of art whether performing art, sculptural or modeling art. They mainly encampass creation of meaning out of a given sign accorded to artwork. The interpretation of a given piece of art work is based on the denoted meaning identified such as the identification of visible signs as well as the actual cultural relationship that comes along with such identifications. Therefore, the main aim of semiotic artist is to derive methods of navigation coupled with interpretation of connoted meaning (Bann 128). This seeks to unfold the coded meaning and meaning unfolded in a given object of aesthetic value by determining its relationship to collective consciousness. Concepts of semiotics have been identified in the history of art for instance, in the works of Panofsky and Riegl (Creative Intelligence 5) including the very important text s by Meyer bringing out visual semiotics. When these concepts are put together and modeled in to what is appealing to the senses of the public, it results in to what is called aesthetics. This is the creation of beauty. Art work that has been well organized in a given media so as to be staged out or performed in a public arena is referred to as public art. Public art is important to public art specialists, bodies that commission art performances, curators as well as the entire art world with much emphasis being given to collaborations, the specificity of the site of performance and the involvement of the community. At times art is used to refer to any given piece of art that is displayed in a public arena or any public buildings that are easily accessible to the community (Maasik 50). The California Disney hall is the best example of art in public. The hall is among the four concert halls of the LAMC (Los Angeles Music Centre). It has a seating capacity of two thousand two hundred a nd sixty five persons which is one of the characteristics of public art which puts focus on community involvement hence accommodating more people during performances (George). It serves various functions alongside being the centre for LAMC (Los Angeles Master Chorale and LAP (Los Angeles Philharmonic) performances.Advertising Looking for essay on art? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The hall was built in honor of Los Angeles citizens and to Lilian Disney’s husband dedication to art. The acoustics and the architecture of this concert hall supersede that of Dorothy Chandler Pavilion making the most important piece of art. As opposed to many of the halls used for concert performances (Ronald and Melissa 55), California Disney hall’s entrance is ever open during daytime hence giving room for access by the public to its 7-level subterranean parking space, cafà ©, hotel box office as well as the gift shop. The entranc e of the hall constitutes of columns of enormous tree trunks made from Douglas fir with straight grains. Apart from providing support to the Hall structurally and visually the columns assist in lighting as well delivering air conditioning. Douglas fir is well appreciated for its aesthetic value, thus most of the surfaces in the hall have inco-operated it, in addition to the musical instruments made from timber. This has enhanced the beauty and the aesthetic value of the hall that attract the public. Initially Frank Gehry had purposed to have the whole building finished with stone. However, he changed this to have the hall dressed with stainless steel. Frank settled on a stainless steel finish since he believed that this kind of finish worked well with the reflecting and changing the bright sunlight from southern part of California. As a result of the halls numerous contours and exacting specifications in its design, structural beams made of steel had to be fixed using computer aided three-dimensional interactive application (CATIA).The steel beams were fixed into place only after having intersected the xyz coordinates as they appeared in the plan. The public park of the hall sits on a one acre piece of land, thirty four feet over the hope street. It is strategically positioned thus making it accessible to all people without any restrictions through the hours of operation. The park provides a good view point to most of the landmarks in Los Angeles for example the LACL (Los Angeles Central Library) which is on the southern part of Los Angeles, SGM (San Gabriel Mountains) and DS (Dodger Stadium) to the North as well as Hollywood sign which lies to the West. All these are visible particularly on a cloudless day. The magnificent sight gives a sense of beauty to the public and every person looking at such a hall would appreciate the kind of time devoted to making the building beautiful and appealing to the viewers. The park also consists of full-grown flowering plan ts with a distinct ability to flourish in designed plant vases.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Art and Aesthetics: Art in Public Space specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Many of the plants in the hall were taken from residential homes and lifted up by the help of three hundred and fifty ton crane. The flowers were cautiously positioned facing the initial direction before being uprooted to their new location (David Hume 58). During the entire period of Philharmonics the flowers keeps flowering consecutively offering the beauty of alternating shades of colors. The hall also constitutes of LDMF (Lilian Disney Memorial Fountain). This was Franks design as he designed this in honor of Lilian Disney. This was in recognition of Lilian Disney’s affection for Roses and Delft porcelain. In creating this fountain, reinforced bars of iron were curved to create structures that resemble petals of flowers. The mesh made of stainless steel was fixed and then packed with water proof concrete. Furthermore, several tiles and royal vases made of Delft porcelain were broken into pieces which were skillfully mounted by a team of eight people skilled in the art of ceramics. This led to the beautiful fountain present at the California Disney Hall. The children’s Amphitheatre which is home to educational programs as well as programs owned by the community which are produced by MCED (Music Centre Education Division) as well as the LAP (Creative Intelligence 2). The seating area consists of concentric arcs made in small parts bearing in mind the children seating in this section. This space provides relaxing place for visitors who would love to relax as well as have lunch or read anything as long as the children are not using it. Within the hall is the REDCAT (Roy and Edna Disney/CalArts Theater) which is the meeting point for audiences and performing artists, home to performing art, experimental theatre and music. Furthermore, there is a three thousand square foot display space including a cafà © for multiple functions. Art in public arena is in most cases developed to interact with the public by allowing the individuals to participate by their sight, feelings as well as their entire senses. For instance, in the Disney hall, the public can participate in such kind of art by sitting on the seats that are curved in a concentric manner thus allowing them to have a feeling of that particular art. The hall has a resonating interval of two minutes hence during the performance the public can listen to the piece of art being presented and appreciate it (George). By looking at the tree columns and the floral plants one can feel the beauty of the hall as all these features are magnificent. The entire art work portrayed on the walls as well as the surfaces attracts the public thus making the people to feel the surfaces hence participating in the work through hands-on experience.Advertising Looking for essay on art? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Disney hall displays its art in public place by virtue of its sculptural work having to do with the culture of the people of Los Angeles. For example the broken Delft Vases used to decorate the hall are as a result of the affection that Lilian had in Porcelain. Therefore the culture of using porcelain had to be brought out on this particular hall so as to in co-operate a particular artist culture in this piece of art. This gives a feeling of community involvement and ownership which one of the semiotics in art in public places which brings a sense beauty to a whole piece of artwork. The Disney hall stand on a very large piece of land giving room for more people to be accommodated hence upholding the norms of art in public places. The kind of architecture employed on the building allows the public to enjoy the beauty of the exterior of the building without necessarily entering the building. It is important to note that anything that does not amuse the public is not art. Never the less with Disney Concert hall, most of the people enjoy looking at the large columns supporting the building with lots of amusement. Memorials as well as monuments are some of the ancient forms of art in public despite the fact that architectural sculpture is a bit pronounced in bringing out a true picture of art in public. A case in point is the huge columns and the rose flowers in the hall. The large space occupied by the park is suitable for public viewing and this is what attracts the public viewing of the Hall. Semiotic aesthetics demand that artwork is an indication of a sign whose aesthetic value is founded on a given mode of reference. This is true with the California Disney wall as much of its artwork is based on particular meanings. The porcelain used in decorating the fountain in the whole results from Lilian’s affection to artwork made from porcelain. In addition, to this, her affection for roses led to reinforced iron bars being made to resemble rose petals. The fact that Walt Disney loved art led to his wife, Lilian designing the California Disney Hall in honor of her beloved husband. Last but not least the love for the culture of the public led to this hall being made such that it attracted and held more than two thousand people hence giving room for most people to have a glimpse of any piece of art being performed. Most of the performing artists take deliberate pleasure in staging their various works due to the acoustics of the hall. Using the concepts of semiotics in designing the Disney hall is what makes it a piece of art in public. Several features put together to bring out the aesthetic value of the building remains as they are, they carry the meaning of what they are and not any other hidden meaning. For instance, the flowering trees that keep giving different shades of flower alternatively are actually flowers and they do not carry any other meaning. Furthermore, the hotels, cafà © and the shop at the hall just what they are and have no hidden meaning. With such kind of art being displayed with symbols and signs carrying their own meaning and not any other hidden meaning brings into the lime light the beauty of art in public on this hall. It is also important to note that one of the important things about semiotic concepts is that meaning and signs are never limited. Therefore, to enhance the aesthetic value of any piece of artwork, this concept emphasis that a single sign can take various available meanings. It is therefore up to the audience to extract the exact meaning of a given piece of art without necessarily deviating from the exact meaning. In conclusion, concepts of semiotics are based on the fact that objects are best appreciated from the perspective of the audience. This implies that the audience can view an object at any given perspective as long as he finds beauty any that given piece. With various meanings contained in various signs which are employed by the artist, the audience can draw that which is pleasurable to him and accord that given sign. In addition, the meaning given to any piece of art in public can only be expounded once the social or original context of that work has been removed. Never the less, semiotic concepts insists that irrespective of the meaning intended by original author of art work the meaning taken by the audience supersede the authors. Just like the California Disney hall, different groups of audience have expressed their different views concerning its aesthetic value. In view of all this whether the hall is appealing to the public or not is upon the audience to assert this with respect to how it views this building. However, till to date it remains to be the best art in public space. Works Cited Bann, Sawl. â€Å"Meaning/Interpretation.† Shift, Ronald Nelson and Richard. Critical Terms for Art History. Chicago, 2003. 128. Creative Intelligence. â€Å"Architectural and Garden Highlights: Walt Disney Concert Hall.† Music Centre , Performing Arts Centre of Los Angeles County. California: Music Centre, 2009. David Hume . The letters of David Hume. Ed. John Young Thomson Greig. Vol. 2. Garland Publisher, 1983. George, Lynell. The Los Angeles Times. 11 May 2008. Web. Maasik, Sonia. Signs of Life in the U.S.A. Popular Spaces:Interpreting the Built Environment. Chicago: Oxford, 2006. Ronald Lee Flemming and Melissa Tapper Goldman. Public Art for the Public (Art in Public Places Program) (Art in Architecture Program). The National Affairs, Inc, 2005. This essay on Art and Aesthetics: Art in Public Space was written and submitted by user Leo Erickson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

April Morning essays

April Morning essays April Morning was an interesting book concerning a young man, Adam Cooper, and the trials and tribulations of his taking part in the Battle of Lexington. The story takes place mostly in Adams home town of Lexington, Massachusetts, but also partially on the surrounding roads and countryside. The novel opens with a glimpse into the daily life of the Cooper family. As Adam com-ments on the harsh perfectionist opprobrium of his father, I find myself drawn to his side of the issue. Adam confuses his fathers constant animadversion with the feeling that his father hates him. These feelings of hate are somewhat annulled by Granny, Adams grandmother and confi-dant. She tells him that, since she has known Moses Cooper longer than anyone, she knows that he really loves Adam. This is further exerted when Adam overhears a conversation between his par-ents. All this was happening with the rumblings of war nearby. The British taxes and tariffs were intensifying and by then most New England towns had their own local governments called Committees. These Committees were supported by local community leaders who also organized a town militia. When word reached Lexington that a British army landed, the local militia was mustered through much urging by Moses Cooper and Jonas Parker, the Captain of the Militia. They pushed for a marshaling of the soldiers for completely different reasons, however. Moses stood firm by the principles of freedom and common human decency. Jonas Parker simply felt that because he was chosen to be Captain of the Militia, it was his right, duty, and obligation to be out for the blood of any redcoat crossing into Lexington, Massachusetts. In any case, the British came to Lexington. The town representatives went to parlay with them. Jonas Parker, Moses Cooper, the Reverend, and Simon Casper, a confrontational battle ad-vocate, were there in front of three mounted British officers. All they...

African American Families Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

African American Families - Essay Example This proposal will deal on how to address the problem drugs and substance abuse. In a 2012 study conducted by Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), discovered that black people accounted for 43.2% of the people who used drugs in that year and makeup for nearly half of the population of the people who used drugs. Among the drugs used include marijuana which accounted for 18%, cocaine 3% stimulants 5%, and alcohol was ranked as the top most abused drug at 64%. While the national average for illicit drug use was 7.9% that of the black youths was 9.5% obviously higher than the national average, Marijuana use increased from 5.9% to 7.5% that is a worrying trend. This proposal will deal on building a rehabilitation center where victims of the drugs and substance abuse can be rehabilitated, taken care of until they are back on their feet. The rehab center will focus on carrying out several programs to help the victims. There will be age appropriate activities and programs for the affected youths and the members of their families who are indirectly affected. Enrichment programs- these programs will be carried out in order to support character development. These programs will focus on prevention measures, problem solving and critical and creative thinking. The prevention measures programs will be channeled towards, strengthening a persons refusal skills, conflict reduction and building on self-esteem. Adult education programs- this program will be open to both the parents of the affected young adults and the general public. It will focus on: lessons will be offered on parenting skills, conflict resolution, and also in how to cope with family members who are users. The general public will be taught on how to deal with the victims without stigmatization. Integrating of services- the rehabilitation center will be responsible for training the staff to identify people who deserve to be enrolled in the

Exclusion from the Mainstream Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Exclusion from the Mainstream - Term Paper Example The purpose of this paper is to examine how themes of heterosexuality and homophobia can also be present in queer films, and how homosexuals have been continuously demonized and marginalized in films, thus promoting a deeper sense of homophobia in the society and reflecting how widespread the social institutions believing in the sexual norms are. The approach of looking into theories of social deviance in relation to sexuality in queer films can aid in refocusing on the issue of social stigma and exclusion from the mainstream. Degradation in Mainstream and Queer Films While it is true that there will always be great films, a lot of those that reached blockbuster success portray gay characters in a supporting role, usually as a friend of the female lead character. While there is nothing wrong with supporting roles, sometimes, these gay characters are not fully developed in the film and are used as a of parody of the homosexual stereotypes that, ironically, have been fought by several organizations over the years. Despite the good intentions of the film, degrading the role of these gays into something to stir laughter due to their â€Å"homosexual† antics is something that is not right. This dos not happen in mainstream films only. Even in queer films such as â€Å"The Birdcage,† some of these homosexual parodies can be observed. For example, in the film's last part where the gays are dancing to the song â€Å"Macho Man,† it can immediately be felt that it is meant to be a joke that â€Å"macho† and gay are two terms that cannot come together. Even though the film is really all about the the message that gays should be treated equally, resorting to using the stereotypes for laughter defeats the overall message. Another example of this is â€Å"Brokeback Mountain,† where homosexuality is supposedly â€Å"celebrated† judging from the way the public acknowledged the film. However, how are the gay men portrayed in the story? They are shown as â€Å"queer† --- people who cannot be accepted in the mainstream, the â€Å"other.† Even homosexuality here is shown as something shameful and to be kept secret. Such films do not really bridge the gap of inequality between the heterosexuals and the homosexuals. Queer films actually do not advance the idea that homosexuals are equal to their heterosexual counterparts. They just breed a what can be called â€Å"understanding† towards homosexuality, but they do not really allow the mass audience to relate to them. They do not treat the idea of homosexuality as something normal, but as something that invokes pity. Heavenly Creatures To further expound on this idea, a recently viewed film entitled â€Å"Heavenly Bodies† will be discussed. This film is based on a true story of two teenage girls who committed murder in 1954. The story is about Pauline and Juliet, the two teenage girls who are involved in a â€Å"strange† relationship th at is viewed as homosexual (lesbian) by the people around them. The two girls are shown as the exact opposite of the other --- Juliet being extrovert, and Pauline being introvert. Despite being based on a true story, one cannot help but notice how the â€Å"weird† details of these two girls are played up in the story. It has been mentioned earlier that homosexuals have been continuously demonized and marginalized in films, and this is observed in this

Allogeneic MCSs to make Cartilage for Knee Function

Allogeneic MCSs to make Cartilage for Knee Function INTRODUCTION: 1.1 What is Osteoarthritis? Articular cartilage is a highly resilient hyaline tissue composed of chondrocytes and surrounded by extracellular matrix present in a joint which act as shock absorber, protects the bones from the friction and wear and helps in smooth movement of the joint (Bhumiratana et al. 2014). Osteoarthritis is a disease of joint where lack of cartilage causes musculoskeletal pain and restriction of the movement or disability of the joint for the patient. (Ahmed and Hincke, 2010) (Duthey, 2015). Reasons for cartilage damage are: The impact / blow caused during sport activities or accident Wear and tear because of overuse of a joint (Observed in elderly people) Lack of movement (Medical News Today, 2017) Figure No.1. Osteoarthritis Affected Region Image Source: www.osteoosteoOsteoarthritisresearchuk.org Osteoarthritis can affect any joint present in the body. As the knee-joint Osteoarthritis is the most common type of Osteoarthritis, in this report, we will discuss about knee-joint Osteoarthritis only. Tibiofemoral and patellofemoral are the two articular surfaces that the knee consists of. As it can be seen in the below image, the damaged cartilage, reduces the gap between joint and friction is generated between the bones which ultimately results in bone erosion and causes muscle pain or inflammation or restriction to the movement. Figure No.2. Osteoarthritis affected Knee Image Source: http://www.bupa.co.uk/health-information/directory/o/Osteoarthritis Osteoarthritis is estimated to affect 250 million people worldwide. Osteoarthritis sufferers include men and women, children and adults. And according to World Health Organization, 30% of men and women over the age of 65 have Osteoarthritis (Woolf and Pfleger, 2003). Worldwide, 9.6% of men and 18.0% of women over the age of 60 years have symptomatic Osteoarthritis. Approximately 80% of those with Osteoarthritis will have limitations in movement, and 25% cannot perform their major activities of daily life (Duthey, 2015). Figure No.3. Prevalence of Osteoarthritis of Knee Image Source: Burden of major musculoskeletal conditions, Bulletin of the WHO 2003 1.2 Treatments available for Osteoarthritis: There are various ways to cure Osteoarthritis when it is at the initial level, such as: Exercise and weight loss Bracing Medication Viscosupplementation Nutritional supplements (Duthey, 2015). But when it becomes incurable by exercise and medication, surgical operations must be performed. Surgical procedures include: Debridement i.e. Smoothening of the cartilage using surgical instruments Marrow Stimulation, a treatment which helps in regrowth of cartilage in the joint (but this process is less reliable) (Treatment Options for Osteoarthritis in the Knee, 2017). Mosaicplasty, a process where the cartilage from some other joint of body is used. But this process has size limitations (Medical News Today, 2017). Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation, a treatment in which a small part of no-load bearing cartilage is removed from the joint of the patient by Arthroscopy, regrown and multiplied in the laboratory and then implanted back in the body by a procedure called arthrotomy. (Cartilage Repair, 2017) (Ahmed and Hincke, 2010) (Duthey, 2015). Even though the Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation seems effective and easy, it has many disadvantages such as: The patients cartilage sample must be removed by a medical procedure, marked/tagged and treated separately just like blood sample. This treatment requires big Logistics and Supply Chain. It requires a lot of time (approximately 6 weeks) for cells to multiply. Hence, till then the patient will suffer from pain (Peretti et al. 2000). 1.3 Proposed Treatment for Osteoarthritis: All these problems can be solved by Allogeneic Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell. For autologous transplant donor and receiver are same, whereas for allogeneic transplant, the donor and the receiver are different. The selection of the donor must be done carefully cause if the tissue type, i.e. HLA (Human Leukocyte Antigens) doesnt match, the patients body will treat the transplanted organ or tissue as a foreign body. It might result in GVHD i.e. Graft Vs Host Disease. It is a fatal immune system response against stem cell transplant (Si et al. 2011). Selection of donor for allogeneic transplant: Syngeneic (i.e. Twins) It is the perfect HLA match, but very few people have a twin. HLA- matched relative (sibling) It is the second preferred option as HLA will be closely matched. HLA-matched unrelated donor, it can be possible to find a donor whose HLA matches to the patient. HLA-mismatched family member, even though the HLA doesnt match, it has great chance that patients body may accept it. Umbilical cord blood, stem cells retrieved during birth of the patient and preserved in a cell bank. It will be safest of all but stem cells must be available (Flomenberg et al. 2004). Hence, allogeneic implant will make sure that the patient wont have to undergo two medical procedures, as seen in autologous chondrocyte implantation. 1.4 What are HMSCs? HMSC means Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. They are multipotent cells, which have the ability to transform into bone, muscle, fat or cartilage, etc. upon the proper simulation of providing environmental conditions in the laboratory. They have potential for regeneration (Si et al. 2011) (Li, LHeureux and Elisseeff, 2011) (Wei, 2013). Figure No.4. Potential of MSCs Image Source: http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/241215.php Figure No.5. Mesenchymal Stem Cells Image Source: http://www.cytopeutics.com/IntroductionOfStemCells.html For knee restoration, cartilage cells are needed. Hence, the MSCs will be simulated for cartilage development. MSCs exists in almost all tissues. These cells can be easily obtained from bone marrow, adipose tissue, cord cells and molar cells, fetal liver, muscle, and lung (Ahmed and Hincke, 2014) (Si et al. 2011). 1.5 Product delivery to the Patient: For blood transfusion, the blood group and presence of Rh factor is checked and the matching blood is introduced into the body. Similarly, after checking the tissue (HLA) match, the best matching cells are chosen and regrown exponentially in the controlled environment of a laboratory. When the required number of cells, shape, and size is achieved, the cartilage is implanted into the patient via an open joint surgery named arthrotomy. This implanted cartilage will function exactly as that of the original cartilage. This cartilage will function properly for approximately 10 years (Ahmed and Hincke, 2010). 1.7 Functioning of the product in the patients body: Since, the HLA was matched, and the cartilage is manufactured using MSCs which has the same functional properties and characteristics that of the original cartilage, the function of the joint will return to normal. There wont be any complication after the treatment and that graft will be accepted by the body as a part of it, it wont be treated as a foreign body. MANUFACTURING FEASIBILITY REVIEW: 2.1 Current Manufacturing Technology and Scope for Future: Currently, the knee restoration is done via other surgical procedures. But because of those procedures have many limitations and they give only temporary relief, allogeneic Mesenchymal Stem Cell therapy will replace them in the coming time. Mesenchymal Stem Cell therapy is currently under development. Various tests are being performed on them in the laboratory (Ahmed and Hincke, 2010). First, the bone marrow or adipose tissue or cord sample is collected from the donor. Then the mesenchymal stem cells are separated out from other cells, such as fat or muscle by centrifugation or apheresis. These two density separation processes are feasible only for liquid. For the extraction from solid tissues, the slices of tissue are digested by the enzymes such as trypsin or collagenase. It breaks the bonding of cells i.e. the extracellular matrix (ECM) that holds the cells. Hence, the cell line is found (Li, LHeureux and Elisseeff, 2011). Then the cells are harvested. During the cell culture process, there are various parameters that need to be monitored, little inconsistency will result in subnormal product or it might be just a waste of product. Temperature, humidity, oxygen, pH level of the cell culture reagent, nutrient supply and waste removal are the physical parameters and cell count and cell viability are the biological parameters that need to be monitored (Schwamb, Puskeiler and Wiedemann, 2015). Once the desired number of cells is achieved, boundary for CMB (Condensed Mesenchymal Cell Bodies) is set. Then the cells are condensed to increase the seeding density as the cartilage requires higher seeding density. Then the fusion of the CMB happens. Now this fused CMB is pressurized against a porous decellularized bone matrix to create dense cellular region i.e. cartilage (Bhumiratana et al. 2014). As the knee joint is a mechanical tissue, physical stimulation is needed for its development. However, excessive stimulation can lead to cartilage damage (Ahmed and Hincke, 2010). Cartilage then sticks to the surface of that bone matrix and takes its shape while growing around it. Then it is removed from the bone matrix to implant into the knee joint of the patient (Bhumiratana et al. 2014). Figure No.6. Condensed Mesenchymal Cell Bodies Fusion Image Source: http://www.pnas.org/content/111/19/6940.abstract Currently, only culture plates and culture flasks are being used for allogeneic Mesenchymal Stem Cells as it is still in testing phase (Schwamb, Puskeiler, and Wiedemann, 2015). Figure No.7. Culture flasks and plates Image Source: https://www.shutterstock.com But monitoring all these parameters becomes very hard when using flasks and plates. And the cells need to be shifted into bigger containers frequently. Also, flasks and plates are not useful for mass production because of size limitation and economic consideration. Hence, a device named bioreactor can replace them and still perform all those tasks efficiently. Figure No.8. Bioreactor for mass Cell Culture Image Source: http://www.bioc.rice.edu/bios576/nih_bioreactor/NDL_Bioreactor%20Page.html It is a container which is feasible for both aerobic and anaerobic cell culture and can be used for suspended as well as immobilized cells (Sandhya Anand, 2017). It can be operated in batch, fed batch and continuous mode. As MSCs are surface anchorage dependent, the extra agitation or stirring might result in damage to the tissue. And the MSCs require oxygen to grow, so it will be an aerobic, immobilized, batch production bioreactor. (Martin, Wendt and Heberer, 2004) (Oragui, Nannaparaju and Khan, 2011). 2.2 Challenges in mass production of MSCs: Large scale in vitro expansion of MSCs is very complex because maintaining cells quality attributes such as identity, potency, purity and safety is extremely hard. It is hard to monitor that the cells are not undergoing any quality changes while expansion and harvesting. Another challenge is obtaining required no of cells and their recovery. MSCs are not suspension type, but anchorage dependent therefore the surface area for anchorage and proliferation must be taken into account. As allogeneic treatments are supposed to be for a lot of people, hence the required no of cells must be extremely large. There are 3 major and 3 minor types of HLAs in MHC Class I and 3 major and 2 minor types of HLAs in MHC Class II. So, there are lots of variants to manufacture and maintain for the cartilage manufacturer. 2.3 Clinical Demand for Dosage: Even though there are 250 million people suffering from Osteoarthritis and 3.6% of them are suffering from knee Osteoarthritis i.e. 9 million people. More than 600,000 knee replacements are performed each year in the United States alone (A Nation in Motion, 2017). In UK 160,000 knee replacement surgeries are performed every year (Joint replacement statistics, 2017). As the cartilage manufactured in the laboratory exhibit almost similar properties that to the natural cartilage, it is expected to last approximately 50-60 years (i.e. Average human life) if there are no unexpected tragedies. Hence, once treated properly, the patient wont have to worry about the joint in his life again. 2.4 Supply Chain for Product: Figure No.9. Formation of Master Cell Bank First the cell line is chosen for culturing, it can be a well-known cell line or a newly found cell line. After certain passages, when the desired number of cells is achieved, the Master Cell Bank will be established. In this case, many Master Cell Banks are needed as there are many types of tissues. Then one portion of master cell bank will be used for research purpose, i.e. the working cell bank and the rest will be cryopreserved for future use. Good manufacturing practice protocol should be followed during cell culturing. Figure No.10. Clinical Process for Cell Culturing The working cell bank will be used for manufacturing of cells for mass production after testing is performed. Several production runs (i.e. Passages) will be performed to obtain the required number of cells. Then the cells will be cryopreserved in central storage and distributed via local channels until there is a patient who needs them. 2.5 Risk Assessment: The main aim of risk assessment is to prevent transmission of diseases, and avoid harm to individuals and the environment. In many countries, the performance of risk assessment is a legal requirement. (University of Manitoba) Risk Impact Probability of Occurrence Mitigation Strategy Tissue/cell origin Rejection of Cells Low Thorough testing of cell line Lack of Donor History Transmission of Disease Low Choosing a donor carefully Mismatch of HLA Graft vs Host Disease Intermediate Careful matching of HLA Environmental Changes Change in cell Quality High Close monitoring of environmental conditions Plasma Derived Material Cell line contamination with unwanted cells High Proper filtration of MSCs (Herberts, Kwa and Hermsen, 2011) 2.6 Biosafety Measure: Depending upon the as the product is human derived, Biosafety Level 2 practices, equipment and facilities are chosen. It is most suitable for clinical, diagnostic and teaching purposes. Laboratory personnel must maintain hygiene while entering and exiting the lab. Decontaminated of potentially infectious material must be done before disposal, either by a disinfectant, or by autoclaving. Personal protective equipment is only required when there is a possibility of exposure to hazardous material. The laboratory must be isolated from the general building. Laboratory personnel must be trained in handling pathogenic agents. Access to the laboratory should be limited during the work. Certain procedures in which infectious aerosols or splashes may be created biological safety cabinets or other physical containment equipment should be used and the rest can be performedÂÂ   on the open bench. Biosafety level 2 is suitable for indigenous moderate-risk agents. This includes various microbes that cause mild disease to humans, or are difficult to contract via aerosol in a lab setting, human derived blood, body fluid, tissues, or primary cell lines (Inc, 2017). PROCESS MAP AND CELL GROWTH ANALYSIS: 3.1 Process Map: Figure No.11. Process Map for HMSC Therapy Process Description: Cell lines are created/chosen for each type of tissue (HLA). Shipping of the tissue sample to cell therapy processing facility. HMSC isolation and culturing in culture chambers (manual production using culture flask or culture plate) or bioreactor is performed. Fresh HMSCs are then tested for various parameters such as identity, potency, purity and safety, the modifications are done. Aliquoting of HMSC samples (i.e. Master Cell Bank) is done. Freezing and storage at -196 ÂÂ °C in Vapor Liquid Nitrogen (i.e. Cryopreservation) for future reference and use is done (Inc, 2017). Cells are thawed i.e. their temperature is brought up to normal room temperature and further increased to 37 ÂÂ °C (Normal Body Temperature) for best cell growth result (Inc, 2017). Cell characterization per release Criteria for Thawed HMSCs Expansion of thawed HMSCs using an incubator and/or bioreactor for production. Activation of HMSCs into final cell therapy product. Shipping of final product to medical treatment centre. Implantation of the cartilage into the patient by open joint surgery, i.e. arthrotomy (Harel, 2013). Cell Growth Analysis: As there are many types of tissues (HLA), testing for all of them must be performed and validated. Hence, the whole process will be repeated several times for each type of cells. Input Data: Desired seeding density= 1 million/ml Duration of Passage= 72 hours Doubling Time= 36 hours Efficiency= 80% (Average efficiency) Input Vial contains= 1.00E+09 cells Dose per Patient= 1.00E+09 cells =1 vial of dose Growth Rate= Ln (2) /Doubling Time= 0.019254 Seeding Density 1,000,000 Passage Duration 72 Doubling Time 36 Efficiency 0.8 Input Vial 1.00E+09 Growth Rate 0.019254 Phase 1 15 Patients Flask Dose Per Patient 1.00E+09 T25 MCB Creation Real SA Input Ideal SA Output Note T75 Thaw 1.00E+09 800.00 8.00E+08 All Flask of Same Size T175 Passage 1 700 6.40E+08 2560.00 2.56E+09 4*T175 T500 Passage 2 2500 2.05E+09 8192.00 8.19E+09 5*T500 T650 Passage 3 7800 6.55E+09 26214.40 2.62E+10 6*T1300 T1300 Passage 4 26000 2.10E+10 83886.08 8.39E+10 1*T26000 T3250 T6500 T26000 MCBs Created 21.51 Equivalent Vials 83.89 Cells Per 5-Layer flask 3.90E+09 Phase 1 Real SA Input Ideal SA Output Note Thaw 3.99E+09 3195.66 3.20E+09 Passage 1 3000 2.56E+09 10226.11 1.02E+10 6*T500 Passage 2 9100 8.18E+09 32723.56 3.27E+10 7*T1300 Dosages 3.27E+01 2.62E+01 For Phase 1 Testing 21 Master Cell Banks will be created in a 5-layer flask (T3250). It would be equivalent to the size of 83.89 input vials after 4 passages. From those 21 cell banks, 1 will be thawed and the rest will be cryopreserved. That 1 cell bank will be chosen as working cell bank and will be harvested for production. During Phase 1, treating 30 patients will be the target. Hence, 30 vials of doses should be manufactured during phase one. Every time 20% loss of cells is considered while changing the flask. And During passages, exponential growth will take place. Formula for Exponential Growth is: The Ideal surface area is calculated by: Flask size was kept uniform during every passage. And Actual Surface Area was always chosen less than Ideal Surface Area to maintain the desired density and environment. Flask of capacity 5-Layer was chosen for MCB creation. Calculations for MCB, Number of doses, After successful testing of phase 1, phase 2 will begin where 300 patients will be treated. So, 300 vials of cells will be required. PHASE 2 Real SA Input Ideal SA Output Note Thaw 3.99E+09 3195.66 3.20E+09 Passage 1 3000 2.56E+09 10226.11 1.02E+10 6*T500 Passage 2 9100 8.18E+09 32723.56 3.27E+10 7*T1300 Passage 3 32500 2.62E+10 104715.39 1.05E+11 5*T6500 Passage 4 104000 8.38E+10 335089.26 3.35E+11 4*T26000 Dosages 3.35E+02 For Phase 2 Testing After successful testing of phase 1 and phase 2, phase 3 will begin when mass production will start and 100s of 1000s of people will be treated with allogeneic HMSC derived cartilage. PHASE 3 Real SA Input Ideal SA Output Note Thaw 3.99E+09 3195.66 3.20E+09 Passage 1 3000 2.56E+09 10226.11 1.02E+10 6*T500 Passage 2 9100 8.18E+09 32723.56 3.27E+10 7*T1300 Passage 3 32500 2.62E+10 104715.39 1.05E+11 5*T6500 Passage 4 104000 8.38E+10 335089.26 3.35E+11 4*T26000 Passage 5 312000 2.68E+11 1072285.63 1.07E+12 12*T26000 Passage 6 1066000 8.58E+11 3431314.00 3.43E+12 41*T26000 Passage 7 3406000 2.75E+12 10980204.81 1.10E+13 131*T26000 Dosages 1.10E+04 For Phase 3 Since, there are 7 passages the process to manufacture 11000 vials will require approximately 25 (considered an extra time for changing flask) days. And at that rate 15 batches will be produced per year and approximately 165000 patients can be treated per year. As there are 6 types of tissues (HLA) total number of patients treated will be 990000 approximately. It will be equivalent to 11% of global demand. Using Bioreactor for Phase 3: Instead of using Culture flasks or plates, a bioreactor can be used for cell culturing. To check which of these two techniques will be more efficient, all the parameters are kept same. And total time of 7 passages will be considered as one passage time for bioreactor. Passage Duration 504 Doubling Time 36 PHASE